More
than a decade after Congress passed a law mandating equal access for mental and
physical health care, Americans struggle to find affordable, in-network mental
health providers.
By Jenny Gold November 20,
2019
Eleven
years after Congress passed a law mandating that insurers provide equal access
for mental and physical health care, Americans are actually finding it harder
to obtain affordable treatment for mental illness and substance abuse issues.
The barriers to parity continue despite a bipartisan consensus that more must
be done to confront the nation’s devastating opioid epidemic, rising suicide
rates and surging rates of teen depression and anxiety.
A report
published Wednesday by Milliman, a risk management and health care
consulting company, found that patients were dramatically more likely to resort
to out-of-network providers for mental health and substance abuse treatment
than for other conditions. The disparities have grown since Milliman published
a similarly grim study two years ago.
The
latest study examined the claims data of 37 million individuals with commercial
PPO health insurance plans in all 50 states from 2013 to 2017.
Among
the findings:
·
People seeking inpatient care for behavioral health issues were
5.2 times more likely to be relegated to an out-of-network provider than for
medical or surgical care in 2017, up from 2.8 times in 2013.
·
For substance abuse treatment, the numbers were even worse:
Treatment at an inpatient facility was 10 times more likely to be provided
out-of-network — up from 4.7 times in 2013.
·
In 2017, a child was 10 times more likely to go out-of-network
for a behavioral health office visit than for a primary care office visit.
·
Spending for all types of substance abuse treatment was just
0.9% of total health care spending in 2017. Mental health treatment accounted
for 2.4% of total spending.
In
2017, 70,237 Americans died from drug overdoses, and 47,173 from suicide,
according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2018, nearly
20% of adults experienced a mental illness, according to the National Alliance
on Mental Illness.
“I
thought maybe we would have seen some progress here. It’s very depressing to
see that it’s actually gotten worse,” said Dr. Henry Harbin, former CEO of
Magellan Health, a managed behavioral health care company, and adviser to the
Bowman Family Foundation, which commissioned the report. “Employers and
insurance plans need to quadruple their efforts.”
Insurance
plan networks are simply inadequate, Harbin said, which is no surprise, given
that insurance companies consistently reimburse behavioral health providers at
lower rates. The study found, for example, that primary care office visit rates
were on average 23.8% higher than rates for behavioral health office visits.
If a
plan had a shortage of oncologists or cardiologists, he said, an insurance
company would pay more to get additional providers into the network. “It can be
done pretty quickly. Just raise rates in the areas where you’re short, like
they do on the medical side.”
Dr. Tom
Insel, a psychiatrist who serves as chief adviser to California Gov. Gavin
Newsom on mental health issues, called the results of the study “stunning.” In
California, the report found that inpatient behavioral health care was 7.8
times more likely to be out-of-network.
“For
people with serious mental illness, you actually have better access to care if
you have Medi-Cal than commercial insurance. That is virtually unthinkable for
medical conditions,” said Insel, who led the National Institute of Mental
Health from 2002 to 2015. “We would never permit this for heart disease or
cancer.”
Cathryn
Donaldson, a spokeswoman for America’s Health Insurance Plans, the industry’s main
trade group, said insurers are working diligently to ensure they are complying
with the federal parity law. But the national shortage of mental health
providers, along with the many clinicians who do not want to participate in
insurance networks, contribute to more patients needing to go out-of-network
for care, she said.
“Health
insurance providers regularly assess the adequacy of their provider networks so
patients have timely access to behavioral health care while accepted metrics
are used to track and improve patients’ outcomes,” Donaldson wrote in an email.
Michael
Thompson, president and CEO of the National Alliance of Healthcare Purchaser
Coalitions, said the Milliman report confirms what he has been hearing from
employers. “This has become a situation that they can’t deal with anymore. When
their people try to get appointments with network psychiatrists, they can’t
even get a phone call returned.”
When
employers select a plan for workers, they usually consider whether the network
will be adequate, Thompson said. But often these are “phantom networks” of
providers who no longer accept the insurance or are not taking new patients.
“What happens if you’re effectively buying a damaged product?” he said.
Often,
patients and their families suffer the consequences. In 2017, Terresa
Humphries-Wadsworth took her 14-year-old son to an emergency room in their
hometown of Cody, Wyo., because he was expressing thoughts of suicide. The
staff sent him to the closest hospital with a psychiatric unit. It was 100 miles
away in Montana. Her son spent 10 days there before Humphries-Wadsworth learned
the hospital was out-of-network. The closest in-network facility was 200 miles
away from their home.
The
family ended up with $110,000 in out-of-pocket expenses for two inpatient
visits and residential treatment. They negotiated the amount down with the
hospital and a collections agency, then took out loans to pay it off, she said.
Earlier,
when her son developed diabetes, there was no question of the insurer paying
for his treatment, said Humphries-Wadsworth, a psychologist. “How is his mental
health — which was life-threatening — not covered in the same way as his
diabetes, acute care needs? Why are they not treated the same?”
Former
U.S. Rep. Patrick Kennedy, who sponsored the federal parity law and now runs
the Kennedy Forum, which focuses on implementing the law, said the solution is
clear: “The moment [insurers] make payment the same for brain illnesses as for
any other illnesses, the sooner we’re going to get to people having the access
to the treatment they need.”
Following
the release of the Milliman report, the Kennedy Forum and several other mental
health organizations submitted a letter to
Chairman Frank Pallone (D-N.J.) of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and
Chairman Bobby Scott (D-Va.) of the House Education and Labor Committee calling
for congressional hearings on parity.
Meiram
Bendat, a mental health lawyer who has brought several parity lawsuits, said
much stronger enforcement by states and the federal government is needed to
ensure that patients get the access they are guaranteed under the law.
“Without
substantial fines against insurers, nothing is going to change because there’s
no incentive to change,” he said.
Jenny
Gold: jgold@kff.org,
@JennyAGold
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