February 28, 2018
LIZ SZABO
At 87, Maxine Stanich cared more about improving the quality of
her life than prolonging it.
She suffered from a long list of health problems, including
heart failure and chronic lung disease that could leave her gasping for breath.
When her time came she wanted to die a natural death, Stanich
told her daughter, and she signed a "do not resuscitate" directive,
or DNR, ordering doctors not to revive her should her heart stop.
Yet a trip to a San Francisco emergency room for shortness of
breath in 2008 led Stanich to get a defibrillator implanted in her chest — a
medical device to keep her alive by delivering a powerful shock to her heart if
it started beating irregularly.
At the time, Stanich didn't fully grasp what she had agreed to,
even though she signed a document granting permission for the procedure, said
her daughter, Susan Giaquinto.
That clarity came only during a subsequent visit to a different
hospital, when a surprised ER doctor saw the defibrillator protruding from
Stanich's thin chest. It was the first time a doctor clearly explained what the
defibrillator would mean for Stanich, said Giaquinto, who accompanied her
mother on both hospital trips.
To Stanich's horror, the ER doctor explained that the device
wouldn't allow Stanich to slip away painlessly. Instead, the defibrillator
would give her a jolt "so strong that it will knock her across the
room," Giaquinto said.
Surgery like Stanich's
defibrillator implantation has become all too common among those near the end
of life, experts say. Nearly 1 in 3 Medicare patients undergoes
an operation in the year before death, even though the evidence shows that many
are more likely to be harmed than to benefit from it.
The practice is driven by
financial incentives that reward doctors for doing procedures, as well as a
medical culture in which patients and doctors are reluctant to talk about how
surgical interventions should be prescribed more judiciously, said Dr. Rita Redberg, a
cardiologist who treated Stanich when she sought care at the second hospital a
week after her defibrillator was implanted.
"We have a culture that believes in very aggressive
care," said Redberg, who specializes in heart disease in women at the
University of California, San Francisco. "We are often not considering the
chance of benefit and chance of harm, and how that changes when you get older.
We also fail to have conversations about what patients value most."
While surgery can be
lifesaving for younger people, operating on frail, older patients rarely helps
them live longer or returns the quality of life they once enjoyed, according
to a 2016 paper in Annals of Surgery.
The cost of these surgeries — typically paid for by Medicare,
the government health insurance program for people over 65 — involve more than
money, said Dr. Amber Barnato, a professor at the Dartmouth Institute for
Health Policy and Clinical Practice. Older patients who undergo surgery within
a year of death spent 50 percent more time in the hospital than others, and
nearly twice as many days in intensive care.
And while some robust octogenarians have many years ahead of
them, studies show that surgery is also common among those who are far more
frail.
Eighteen percent of
Medicare patients have surgery in their final month of life and 8 percent in
their final week, according to a 2011 study in The Lancet.
More than 12 percent of
defibrillators were implanted in people older than 80, according to a 2015
study. Doctors implant about 158,000 of the devices each year,
according to the American College of Cardiology. The total cost of
the procedure runs about $60,000.
Procedures performed in the elderly range from major operations
that require lengthy recoveries to relatively minor surgery performed in a
doctor's office, such as the removal of nonfatal skin cancers that would likely
never cause any problems.
Research led by Dr. Eleni
Linos has shown that people with limited life expectancies are treated for nonfatal
skin cancers as aggressively as younger patients. Among patients
with a nonfatal skin cancer and a limited time to live, 70 percent underwent
surgery, according to her
2013 study in JAMA Internal Medicine.
When less is more
Surgery poses serious
risks for older people, who weather anesthesia poorly and whose skin takes
longer to heal. Among seniors who undergo urgent or emergency abdominal
surgery, 20 percent die within 30 days, studies show.
With diminished mental acuity and an old-fashioned respect for
the medical profession, some aging patients are vulnerable to unwanted
interventions. Stanich agreed to a pacemaker defibrillator simply because her
doctor suggested it, Giaquinto said. Many people of Stanich's generation
"thought doctors were God ... They never questioned doctors — ever."
According to the University of Michigan's National Poll on
Healthy Aging, published Wednesday, more than half of adults ages 50 to 80 said
doctors often recommend unnecessary tests, medications or procedures. Yet half
of those who'd been told they needed an X-ray or other test – but weren't sure
they needed it – went on to have the procedure anyway.
Dr. Margaret Schwarze, a surgeon and associate professor at the
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, said that older
patients often don't feel the financial pain of surgery because insurance pays
most of the cost.
When a surgeon offers to
"fix" the heart valve in a person with multiple diseases, for
example, the patient may assume that surgery will fix all of her medical problems,Schwarze
said. "With older patients with lots of chronic illnesses, we're not
really fixing anything."
Even as a doctor, Redberg said, she struggles to prevent other
doctors from performing too many procedures on her 92-year-old mother, Mae, who
lives in New York City.
Redberg said doctors recently treated her mother for melanoma —
the most serious type of skin cancer. After the cancer was removed from her
leg, Redberg's mother was urged by a doctor to undergo an additional surgery to
cut away more tissue and nearby lymph nodes, which can harbor cancerous cells.
"Every time she went in, the dermatologist wanted to refer
her to a surgeon," Redberg said. "Medicare would have been happy to
pay for it."
But her mother often has problems with wound healing, she said,
and recovery would likely have taken three months. When Redberg pressed a
surgeon about the benefits, he said the procedure could reduce the chances of
cancer coming back within three to five years.
Redberg said her mother laughed and said, "I'm not
interested in doing something that will help me in three to five years. I doubt
I'll be here."
Finding solutions
The momentum of hospital care can make people feel as if they're
on a moving train and can't jump off.
The rush of medical decisions "doesn't allow time to
deliberate or consider the patients' overall health or what their goals and
values might be," said Dr. Jacqueline Kruser, an instructor in pulmonary
and critical care medicine and medical social sciences at the Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Many hospitals and health
systems are developing "decision aids," easy-to-understand
written materials and videos to
help patients make more informed medical choices, giving them time to develop
more realistic expectations.
After Kaiser Permanente
Washington introduced the tools relating to joint replacement, the number of
patients choosing to have hip replacement surgery fell 26 percent, while knee
replacements declined 38 percent, according to a 2012 study in
the journal Health Affairs.(Kaiser Permanente
isn't affiliated with Kaiser Health News, which is an editorially independent
program of the Kaiser Family Foundation.)
In research
findings published last year in JAMA Surgery and the Journal of Pain and
Symptom Management, Schwarze, Kruser and colleagues suggested
creating narratives to illustrate surgical risks, rather than relying on
statistics.
Instead of telling patients that surgery carries a 20 percent
risk of stroke, for example, doctors should lay out the best, worst and most
likely outcomes.
In the best-case scenario, a patient might spend weeks in the
hospital after surgery, living the rest of her life in a nursing home. In the
worst case, the same patient dies after several weeks in intensive care. In the
most likely scenario, the patient survives just two to three months after
surgery.
"If someone says they can't tolerate the best-case scenario
— which involves them being in a nursing home — then maybe we shouldn't be
doing this," Schwarze said.
Maxine Stanich died in 2010, just after her 90th birthday.
Although Redberg had deactivated the defibrillator at Stanich's request, it
remained in her chest.
Kaiser Health News is a nonprofit news
service covering health issues. You can follow Liz Szabo on Twitter: @LizSzabo.
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