By Harris Meyer | May 19, 2018
In 2011, Rocky and Keith Schwartz's two teenage sons both started
exhibiting symptoms of mental illness and substance abuse.
Seven years and many ordeals later, the Lebanon, N.J., family has spent more than $300,000 out of pocket for their sons' treatment due to coverage denials, first by UnitedHealthcare and later by Cigna, their insurers through Keith's job. They filed six appeals, losing every time.
In November, Rocky Schwartz testified about her experiences with insurers before the President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. She also has joined a New Jersey coalition that's working to toughen enforcement of the federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008.
"It's so laborious to do these appeals when you're living with terrifying situations with your children," said Schwartz, whose sons currently are in stable condition. "It feels like they just try to wear you down until you won't fight any more."
In the midst of a national epidemic of drug addiction and overdose deaths, many families report similar battles with insurers in getting coverage for needed mental healthcare and/or addiction treatment.
This includes situations when patients at high risk of relapse were discharged from residential care over clinicians' objections because their insurer stopped paying, or when patients in acute withdrawal had to wait for their insurer to approve payment for medication-assisted treatment. Some patients reportedly have died due to delays in getting needed coverage and care. Insurers blame access problems on the national shortage of behavioral health professionals and a lack of reliable quality measures for behavioral health facilities.
Based on these experiences, providers, advocacy groups and some policymakers are pressing for stronger enforcement of federal and state parity laws. The laws require health plans to provide coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment that's comparable to coverage for medical treatment.
But congressional Republicans and Democrats disagree about giving the federal government more enforcement power, even though Labor Department Secretary Alex Acosta, whose department oversees parity compliance, has repeatedly asked Congress for it.
Meanwhile, some observers say HHS has been sluggish in enforcing parity in its areas of responsibility, including Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Critics say insurers increasingly are using undocumented utilization review rules and procedures, known as non-quantitative treatment limitations, or NQTLs, to deny claims, and that the approval process for behavioral care is significantly more stringent than that for medical care.
These include limits on the scope or duration of benefits that are not explicitly stated in policy documents, such as guidelines regarding utilization review, medical management and provider network criteria, along with rules that patients must fail at lower levels of care before receiving more intensive care.
"We run into the problem that the days the insurer has approved for residential treatment have ended, and we'll want to prescribe an anti-craving medication before the patient leaves," said Michael Morrison, executive vice president of Preferred Family Health Care, a behavioral health and substance abuse treatment provider in Missouri and four other states. "But the insurer often won't make a decision until after the person is already discharged. It's a Catch-22, and our clients are the ones who suffer."
Advocates also want regulators to certify that health plans are in compliance with parity rules before they can be offered on the market. Only a handful of states currently conduct pre-market review for parity compliance. They say the current retrospective, complaint-driven regulatory model isn't effective.
"If there aren't complaints from the field, regulators think everything is fine," said Ellen Weber, vice president for health initiatives at the Legal Action Center, which is involved in a five-state campaign to strengthen parity enforcement. "But that's not true. The last thing that individuals in the middle of a mental health or substance abuse crisis want to do is challenge insurers' discriminatory barriers to care."
A Cigna spokesman said that while he couldn't discuss the Schwartz's case due to privacy rules, the company conducts ongoing oversight of its utilization management processes to ensure compliance with federal parity requirements. A UnitedHealthcare spokesman also said he couldn't comment due to privacy rules.
"I wish people could sit in my shoes for a week and see the efforts our plans make to ensure they understand and are complying with parity," said Pamela Greenberg, CEO of the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness, which represents insurers providing behavioral health benefits. "But parity now means a lot more than what was initially meant in the law. It's not as easy as people think."
A spokeswoman for America's Health Insurance Plans said focusing on more aggressive enforcement ignores the problem of the national shortage of behavioral health professionals, which makes it difficult to ensure timely access to quality care.
The federal parity law, which was broadened and beefed up by the Affordable Care Act and the 21st Century Cures Act, gives federal and state regulators significant authority to enforce parity in private and public health insurance.
If it finds a parity violation in an individual case, the Labor Department's Employee Benefits Security Administration can require plans to pay all similar claims that were denied, known as a global correction. It also can force the plan to reform its policies and procedures.
The Labor Department in April reported to Congress that of the 136 citations issued in 2016 and 2017 for parity violations, about half were for NQTLs.
For instance, a California plan was cited for refusing to cover mental health and substance abuse services unless there was a written treatment plan for a condition that could be favorably changed. There was no comparable requirement for medical and surgical benefits. Regulators required the insurer to remove those provisions from 3,034 group plans with nearly 290,000 members.
The New York attorney general's office found in 2015 that two insurers, ValueOptions and Excellus Health Plan, denied behavioral health claims at least twice as often as other insurers did for medical or surgical claims. ValueOptions, which was renamed Beacon Health Options, was found to deny claims four times as often for addiction treatment.
A National Alliance on Mental Illness report released in November found that nearly 35% of privately insured mental health patients said they had difficulty finding any therapist who would accept their plan. Twenty-eight percent used an out-of-network mental health provider, compared with 7% who used an out-of-network medical provider.
Beefing up enforcement
In its April report, the Labor Department made clear that examining NQTLs todetermine whether they meet parity requirements is a difficult, time-consumingtask, especially given the limited resources. There are about 400 investigatorsand 100 benefits advisers to oversee more than 5 million health plans covering143 million people.
Seven years and many ordeals later, the Lebanon, N.J., family has spent more than $300,000 out of pocket for their sons' treatment due to coverage denials, first by UnitedHealthcare and later by Cigna, their insurers through Keith's job. They filed six appeals, losing every time.
In November, Rocky Schwartz testified about her experiences with insurers before the President's Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. She also has joined a New Jersey coalition that's working to toughen enforcement of the federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008.
"It's so laborious to do these appeals when you're living with terrifying situations with your children," said Schwartz, whose sons currently are in stable condition. "It feels like they just try to wear you down until you won't fight any more."
In the midst of a national epidemic of drug addiction and overdose deaths, many families report similar battles with insurers in getting coverage for needed mental healthcare and/or addiction treatment.
This includes situations when patients at high risk of relapse were discharged from residential care over clinicians' objections because their insurer stopped paying, or when patients in acute withdrawal had to wait for their insurer to approve payment for medication-assisted treatment. Some patients reportedly have died due to delays in getting needed coverage and care. Insurers blame access problems on the national shortage of behavioral health professionals and a lack of reliable quality measures for behavioral health facilities.
Based on these experiences, providers, advocacy groups and some policymakers are pressing for stronger enforcement of federal and state parity laws. The laws require health plans to provide coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment that's comparable to coverage for medical treatment.
But congressional Republicans and Democrats disagree about giving the federal government more enforcement power, even though Labor Department Secretary Alex Acosta, whose department oversees parity compliance, has repeatedly asked Congress for it.
Meanwhile, some observers say HHS has been sluggish in enforcing parity in its areas of responsibility, including Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.
Critics say insurers increasingly are using undocumented utilization review rules and procedures, known as non-quantitative treatment limitations, or NQTLs, to deny claims, and that the approval process for behavioral care is significantly more stringent than that for medical care.
These include limits on the scope or duration of benefits that are not explicitly stated in policy documents, such as guidelines regarding utilization review, medical management and provider network criteria, along with rules that patients must fail at lower levels of care before receiving more intensive care.
"We run into the problem that the days the insurer has approved for residential treatment have ended, and we'll want to prescribe an anti-craving medication before the patient leaves," said Michael Morrison, executive vice president of Preferred Family Health Care, a behavioral health and substance abuse treatment provider in Missouri and four other states. "But the insurer often won't make a decision until after the person is already discharged. It's a Catch-22, and our clients are the ones who suffer."
Advocates also want regulators to certify that health plans are in compliance with parity rules before they can be offered on the market. Only a handful of states currently conduct pre-market review for parity compliance. They say the current retrospective, complaint-driven regulatory model isn't effective.
"If there aren't complaints from the field, regulators think everything is fine," said Ellen Weber, vice president for health initiatives at the Legal Action Center, which is involved in a five-state campaign to strengthen parity enforcement. "But that's not true. The last thing that individuals in the middle of a mental health or substance abuse crisis want to do is challenge insurers' discriminatory barriers to care."
A Cigna spokesman said that while he couldn't discuss the Schwartz's case due to privacy rules, the company conducts ongoing oversight of its utilization management processes to ensure compliance with federal parity requirements. A UnitedHealthcare spokesman also said he couldn't comment due to privacy rules.
"I wish people could sit in my shoes for a week and see the efforts our plans make to ensure they understand and are complying with parity," said Pamela Greenberg, CEO of the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness, which represents insurers providing behavioral health benefits. "But parity now means a lot more than what was initially meant in the law. It's not as easy as people think."
A spokeswoman for America's Health Insurance Plans said focusing on more aggressive enforcement ignores the problem of the national shortage of behavioral health professionals, which makes it difficult to ensure timely access to quality care.
The federal parity law, which was broadened and beefed up by the Affordable Care Act and the 21st Century Cures Act, gives federal and state regulators significant authority to enforce parity in private and public health insurance.
If it finds a parity violation in an individual case, the Labor Department's Employee Benefits Security Administration can require plans to pay all similar claims that were denied, known as a global correction. It also can force the plan to reform its policies and procedures.
The Labor Department in April reported to Congress that of the 136 citations issued in 2016 and 2017 for parity violations, about half were for NQTLs.
For instance, a California plan was cited for refusing to cover mental health and substance abuse services unless there was a written treatment plan for a condition that could be favorably changed. There was no comparable requirement for medical and surgical benefits. Regulators required the insurer to remove those provisions from 3,034 group plans with nearly 290,000 members.
The New York attorney general's office found in 2015 that two insurers, ValueOptions and Excellus Health Plan, denied behavioral health claims at least twice as often as other insurers did for medical or surgical claims. ValueOptions, which was renamed Beacon Health Options, was found to deny claims four times as often for addiction treatment.
A National Alliance on Mental Illness report released in November found that nearly 35% of privately insured mental health patients said they had difficulty finding any therapist who would accept their plan. Twenty-eight percent used an out-of-network mental health provider, compared with 7% who used an out-of-network medical provider.
Beefing up enforcement
In its April report, the Labor Department made clear that examining NQTLs todetermine whether they meet parity requirements is a difficult, time-consumingtask, especially given the limited resources. There are about 400 investigatorsand 100 benefits advisers to oversee more than 5 million health plans covering143 million people.
That's why some experts believe private litigation is a necessary
complement to regulation. Several lawsuits alleging parity violations by major
insurers have gained class-action status. A few have already resulted in
settlements in which large carriers such as the Health Care Service Corp.
agreed to revise their coverage policies on residential treatment and other
services.
"Insurers' internal policies are the hardest thing for regulators to get at," said D. Brian Hufford, a partner at Zuckerman Spaeder who has brought some of these suits. "There needs to be more aggressive enforcement from regulators combined with aggressive litigation. The only way to get parity compliance is if insurers are forced to go there."
Acosta and the president's opioid commission have called on Congress to give the Labor Department the added power to impose civil monetary penalties against health plans that violate the parity law. Currently, the agency can only order plans to pay for services that should have been covered.
"What (the Labor Department) can't do now is say, 'You've acted egregiously; we'll fine you to deter you from committing other clear violations in the future,' " the Legal Action Center's Weber said. "Just making them go back and pay individual claims amounts to pennies for the carriers."
Acosta and the commission also urged lawmakers to give the Labor Department explicit authority to investigate insurers that administer self-insured plans, rather than only investigating the plans themselves.
Senate Democrats support these measures. "Too many families are running into unconscionable obstacles in getting insurers to pay for addiction treatment," Sen. Chris Murphy (D-Conn.), said in April when he offered an amendment to an opioid bill to give the Labor Department those powers. "The parity law shouldn't just be on the books but must be effectively enforced."
But Senate Republicans on the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee narrowly blocked that amendment, after Chairman Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.) said Labor Department officials had asked him to hold off on taking action.
Asked about the department's current position on the issue, a spokesman pointed to Acosta's April 12 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, when he reiterated his support for the additional enforcement powers against insurers. Generally, he said, "the presence of a civil penalty tends to focus attention more than the absence of a civil penalty."
Democrats are pushing to beef up enforcement in other ways. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and Rep. Joe Kennedy III (D-Mass.) introduced a bill that would require insurers to annually disclose their rates of and reasons for behavioral health claim denials versus medical denials. In addition, HHS, and the Labor and Treasury departments would have to conduct at least 12 random parity audits of health plans per year.
Insurers, however, oppose granting additional enforcement authority. "We don't see it as being necessary or solving any problem that exists," the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness' Greenberg said. Her member companies "already are designing their plans according to the parity law, or at least making their best effort."
AHIP urged federal agencies to "clarify parity requirements and help facilitate compliance."
Insurers and advocacy groups are working with the ClearHealth Quality Institute to develop voluntary parity accreditation standards, which Greenberg believes is a better approach. "We would like it to be clear where the goal post is, and keep it there," she said. "And if we're not already there, we'll work to get there."
Weber said the Labor Department's April report and proposed FAQ guidance on parity enforcement are encouraging signs that the department is sharpening its efforts. In contrast, she added, HHS and the CMS need to step up parity oversight in Medicaid and CHIP plans. A CMS spokesman pointed to his agency's technical assistance to states to ensure that they understand the parity requirements and are able to enforce compliance in their managed-care contracts.
Rocky Schwartz has continued her fight to get reimbursed by Cigna for her sons' care by filing a parity complaint with the Labor Department. After tapping home equity loans, college funds and retirement accounts to pay the treatment bills, she had sworn she and her husband wouldn't go any deeper into debt to pay for more care.
But in 2016, her younger son was involuntarily committed by a court for residential treatment. According to Schwartz, after 12 days Cigna said he no longer needed that level of care, even though the clinical staff said he couldn't be safely discharged. She and her husband then paid $51,000 out of pocket to keep him in the facility.
"I made a decision I'd rather spend money to save his life than pay for a funeral," she said. "I'm angry and I'm broke. We shouldn't have had to do this."
Related story: "Family calls for state mental health parity law after daughter dies of overdose"
"Insurers' internal policies are the hardest thing for regulators to get at," said D. Brian Hufford, a partner at Zuckerman Spaeder who has brought some of these suits. "There needs to be more aggressive enforcement from regulators combined with aggressive litigation. The only way to get parity compliance is if insurers are forced to go there."
Acosta and the president's opioid commission have called on Congress to give the Labor Department the added power to impose civil monetary penalties against health plans that violate the parity law. Currently, the agency can only order plans to pay for services that should have been covered.
"What (the Labor Department) can't do now is say, 'You've acted egregiously; we'll fine you to deter you from committing other clear violations in the future,' " the Legal Action Center's Weber said. "Just making them go back and pay individual claims amounts to pennies for the carriers."
Acosta and the commission also urged lawmakers to give the Labor Department explicit authority to investigate insurers that administer self-insured plans, rather than only investigating the plans themselves.
Senate Democrats support these measures. "Too many families are running into unconscionable obstacles in getting insurers to pay for addiction treatment," Sen. Chris Murphy (D-Conn.), said in April when he offered an amendment to an opioid bill to give the Labor Department those powers. "The parity law shouldn't just be on the books but must be effectively enforced."
But Senate Republicans on the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee narrowly blocked that amendment, after Chairman Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.) said Labor Department officials had asked him to hold off on taking action.
Asked about the department's current position on the issue, a spokesman pointed to Acosta's April 12 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, when he reiterated his support for the additional enforcement powers against insurers. Generally, he said, "the presence of a civil penalty tends to focus attention more than the absence of a civil penalty."
Democrats are pushing to beef up enforcement in other ways. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and Rep. Joe Kennedy III (D-Mass.) introduced a bill that would require insurers to annually disclose their rates of and reasons for behavioral health claim denials versus medical denials. In addition, HHS, and the Labor and Treasury departments would have to conduct at least 12 random parity audits of health plans per year.
Insurers, however, oppose granting additional enforcement authority. "We don't see it as being necessary or solving any problem that exists," the Association for Behavioral Health and Wellness' Greenberg said. Her member companies "already are designing their plans according to the parity law, or at least making their best effort."
AHIP urged federal agencies to "clarify parity requirements and help facilitate compliance."
Insurers and advocacy groups are working with the ClearHealth Quality Institute to develop voluntary parity accreditation standards, which Greenberg believes is a better approach. "We would like it to be clear where the goal post is, and keep it there," she said. "And if we're not already there, we'll work to get there."
Weber said the Labor Department's April report and proposed FAQ guidance on parity enforcement are encouraging signs that the department is sharpening its efforts. In contrast, she added, HHS and the CMS need to step up parity oversight in Medicaid and CHIP plans. A CMS spokesman pointed to his agency's technical assistance to states to ensure that they understand the parity requirements and are able to enforce compliance in their managed-care contracts.
Rocky Schwartz has continued her fight to get reimbursed by Cigna for her sons' care by filing a parity complaint with the Labor Department. After tapping home equity loans, college funds and retirement accounts to pay the treatment bills, she had sworn she and her husband wouldn't go any deeper into debt to pay for more care.
But in 2016, her younger son was involuntarily committed by a court for residential treatment. According to Schwartz, after 12 days Cigna said he no longer needed that level of care, even though the clinical staff said he couldn't be safely discharged. She and her husband then paid $51,000 out of pocket to keep him in the facility.
"I made a decision I'd rather spend money to save his life than pay for a funeral," she said. "I'm angry and I'm broke. We shouldn't have had to do this."
Related story: "Family calls for state mental health parity law after daughter dies of overdose"
Harris Meyer is a senior
reporter providing news and analysis on a broad range of healthcare topics. He
served as managing editor of Modern Healthcare from 2013 to 2015. His more than
three decades of journalism experience includes freelance reporting for Health
Affairs, Kaiser Health News and other publications; law editor at the Daily
Business Review in Miami; staff writer at the New Times alternative weekly in
Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; senior writer at Hospitals & Health Networks;
national correspondent at American Medical News; and health unit researcher at
WMAQ-TV News in Chicago. A graduate of Northwestern University, Meyer won the
2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism.
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