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New from
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Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal
Mortality
Black Maternal Health Week is
recognized each year from April 11-17 to bring attention and action to improving
Black maternal health. Learn how everyone can play a role in working to
prevent pregnancy-related deaths and improving maternal health outcomes.
Medical Follow-Up Received by Women With Blood
Pressure Alerts in the WISEWOMAN Program by Race and Ethnicity, 2014-2018
Immediate reduction in blood
pressure (BP) is necessary for a person with dangerously high BP to prevent
injuries related to heart disease and stroke. In this study, differences in
the prevalence of hypertension and dangerously high BP and the distribution
of medical follow-ups were examined by race and ethnicity among
participants in the Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for WOMen
Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) program.
Participation in Survey Research Among Mothers
With a Recent Live Birth: A Comparison of Mothers With Living Versus
Deceased Infants − Findings From the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring
System, 2016–2019
Despite high infant mortality
rates in the United States relative to other developed countries, little is
known about survey participation among mothers of deceased infants. The
purpose of this study was to assess differences in survey response,
contact, and cooperation rates for mothers of deceased versus living
infants, overall and by select maternal and infant characteristics.
Comparable Pregnancy Outcomes for HIV-Uninfected
and HIV-Infected Women on Antiretroviral Treatment in Kenya
The impact of HIV on pregnancy
outcomes for women on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa remains
unclear. In this study, pregnant women in Kenya were enrolled in the second
trimester and followed until childbirth. The study estimated effects of
treated HIV with three pregnancy outcomes: loss, premature birth, and low
birthweight and factors associated with HIV-positive status.
Do Medication Prescription Patterns Follow
Guidelines in a Cohort of Women with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain
Syndrome?
This study describes
prescription prevalence of oral bladder pain medications among women with
interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and compares it with current
treatment guidelines.
Rapid Population-Based Surveillance of Prenatal
and Postpartum Experiences During Public Health Emergencies, Puerto Rico,
2016‒2018
The Pregnancy Risk Assessment
Monitoring System–Zika Postpartum Emergency Response (PRAMS-ZPER) study,
implemented in Puerto Rico during the Zika virus outbreak and after
Hurricanes Irma and María, collected pregnancy-related data using
postpartum hospital-based surveys and telephone follow-up surveys. This
study describes the PRAMS-ZPER study methodology, which may be leveraged to
rapidly respond to public health emergencies that affect maternal‒infant health.
Is Maternal Employment Site a Source of Exposure
Misclassification in Studies of Environmental Exposures and Birth Outcomes?
A Simulation-Based Bias Analysis of Haloacetic Acids in Tap Water and
Hypospadias
In population research,
exposure to environmental contaminants is often indirectly assessed by
linking residence to geocoded databases of environmental exposures. This
study explored the potential for misclassification of residence-based
environmental exposure as a result of not accounting for the workplace
environments of employed pregnant women. This study examined data from a
prior analysis of drinking water disinfection by-products and birth outcomes
using the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large, multi-site
case-control study.
Changes in Cervical Cytology Results and Human
Papillomavirus Types Among Persons Screened for Cervical Cancer, 2007 and
2015-2017
Since 2006, the US human
papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program has led to decreases in HPV
infections caused by high-risk vaccine-targeted HPV types. This study
assessed differences in high-risk HPV prevalence by cervical cytology
result among 20- to 24-year-old persons participating in routine cervical
cancer screening in 2015-2017 compared with 2007.
Pregnancy Urinary Concentration of Bisphenol A,
Parabens and Other Phenols in Relation to Serum Levels of Lipid Biomarkers:
Results From the EARTH Study
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
are exogenous chemicals, or mixtures of chemicals, that may interfere with
any aspect of hormone action. Specifically, phenols, such as bisphenols,
benzophenones, triclosan and parabens, are widely used in food packaging materials,
personal care products, and numerous other consumer products. This study
examined whether urinary concentrations of phenol and phenol replacement
biomarkers were associated with serum lipid levels among women who attended
a fertility center and got pregnant using fertility treatments as well as
naturally without medical treatments.
Diagnosis and Management of Bacterial Vaginosis:
Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines
In preparation for the 2021 CDC
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) treatment guidelines, CDC convened
an advisory group in 2019 to examine recent literature addressing updates
in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of STIs. This article
summarizes recent data in each of these key topic areas as they pertain to
bacterial vaginosis, the most common cause of vaginal discharge.
Summary of Neonatal and Maternal Transport and
Reimbursement Policies—A 5-year Update
Risk-appropriate care is a
coordinated, tiered system designed to ensure that obstetric and neonatal
patients are provided care in facilities with the most appropriate
equipment and staff that can best meet their health care needs. A critical
component of risk-appropriate care is neonatal and maternal transport. This
study examines the number of states with neonatal and maternal transport
and reimbursement policies in 2019, compared with 2014.
Efficiency of Transplacental Transfer of
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Specific Antibodies Among Pregnant Women
in Kenya
Maternal immunization to boost
RSV antibodies in pregnant women is a strategy being considered to enhance
infant protection from severe RSV associated disease. However, little is
known about the efficiency of transplacental transfer of RSV-specific
antibodies in a setting with a high burden of malaria and HIV. In this
study, we describe the efficiency of transplacental transfer of
RSV-specific antibodies among pregnant women in Kenya using cord-maternal
blood sample pairs.
Physiologically Based Serum Ferritin Thresholds
for Iron Deficiency in Women of Reproductive Age Who Are Blood Donors
Serum ferritin concentrations
are a good indicator of iron stores. The current World Health Organization
threshold of a serum ferritin of <15 µg/L for iron deficiency in women
is based on expert opinion. The objective of this study was to develop a
physiologically based method to determine serum ferritin thresholds for
iron deficiency in women of reproductive age.
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Incident
Diabetes in Midlife Women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
(SWAN)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic compounds used in industrial
and consumer applications. This study examined the association between
serum PFAS concentrations and incident diabetes in the Study of Women's
Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study (SWAN-MPS), a multi-site,
multi-ethnic prospective cohort study of mid-life women in the US.
Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus
Elimination in Countries That Have Been Validated for Elimination —
Progress and Challenges
As of October 2021, 47 (80%) of
the 59 countries identified at highest risk for Maternal and Neonatal
Tetanus (MNT), had been validated for elimination. This study assessed
sustainability of MNT elimination in 28 countries that were validated
during 2011‒2020.
Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease in
Pregnant Women and Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The incidence of invasive
disease caused by group A streptococcus (GAS) has increased in multiple
countries in the past 15 years. This study estimated the incidence of
invasive GAS disease, including death and disability outcomes, among two
high-risk groups — pregnant women and children younger than 5 years.
Associations Between Mobility, Food Insecurity,
and Transactional Sex Among Women in Cohabitating Partnerships: An Analysis
From Six African Countries 2016-2017
Mobile women are at risk of HIV
infection in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the association
between women's and their partner's mobility and transactional sex with
household food insecurity using population-based HIV impact assessments conducted
in Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Risk
of Selected Major Structural Non-Cardiac Birth Defects, National Birth
Defects Prevention Study 2006-2011
Pregnant women and infants are
at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza infections. The
purpose of this study was to assess associations between influenza vaccination
during the first trimester and selected major structural non-cardiac birth
defects.
Measles Immunity Gap Among Reproductive-Age Women
Participating in a Simulated HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial in Zambia
Measles is a
vaccine-preventable viral disease whose vaccination coverage remains low in
Zambia. This study analyzed data from a simulated HIV vaccine efficacy
trial conducted among adult Zambian women of childbearing age to determine
measles antibody seroprevalence before and after vaccination with the
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.
COVID-19
Impact on Women
Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Detection after COVID-19
Illness Onset During Pregnancy
Detection of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in respiratory
specimens that recurs over extended time intervals might indicate viral RNA
persistence, continued viral replication, reinfection, or sample testing
error. The objective of this study was to describe demographic and clinical
characteristics overall and by recurrent test-positive status in a
convenience sample of pregnant persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Neonates Born to
Pregnant People with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Maternal, Pregnancy and Birth
Characteristics
Multiple reports have described neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection,
including likely in utero transmission and early postnatal infection, but
published estimates of neonatal infection range by geography and design
type. The objective of this study was to describe maternal, pregnancy, and
neonatal characteristics among neonates born to people with SARS-CoV-2
infection during pregnancy by neonatal SARS-CoV-2 testing results.
Characteristics of People With and Without
Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy, Massachusetts,
March 2020–March 2021
Pregnant people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at increased risk
for severe illness and death compared with nonpregnant people. However,
population-based information comparing characteristics of people with and
without laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is
limited. The study compared the characteristics of people with and without
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy in Massachusetts.
The Influence of Structural Racism, Pandemic
Stress, and SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy with Adverse Birth
Outcomes
Structural racism and pandemic-related stress from the COVID-19
pandemic may increase risk of adverse birth outcomes. The primary objective
of this study was to examine associations between neighborhood measures of
structural racism and pandemic stress with three outcomes: SARS-CoV-2
infection, preterm birth, and delivering a newborn
small-for-gestational-age.
Receipt of COVID-19 Booster Dose Among Fully
Vaccinated Pregnant Individuals Aged 18 to 49 Years by Key Demographics
Booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines were recommended for people
aged 18 years or older in November 2021. However, data on receipt of
booster doses among pregnant individuals are lacking. This study presents
findings on receipt of booster doses among pregnant individuals in the
Vaccine Safety Datalink, a collaboration between CDC’s Immunization Safety
Office and nine integrated health care organizations.
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