CNN Editorial Research Updated 2:45 PM ET, Fri December 27, 2019
(CNN) Here's a look at the
use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports.
Facts
"Doping" by professional athletes
has been acknowledged as a problem since at least the 1960s.
The issue gained prominence as a result of
the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) investigation,
tell-alls by former professional athletes, a 2007 report on drugs in professional baseball and a scandal involving Russia's 2014 Olympic team.
About
Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Anabolic steroids are natural and synthetic
substances which help build muscle mass, enabling athletes to train harder and recover
quickly from strenuous workouts.
Tetrahydrogestrinone, also known as THG or the
Clear, is a powerful steroid purportedly used by such high profile athletes as
track star Marion Jones and baseball player Barry Bonds.
Stimulants, including amphetamines, impact the
central nervous system, increasing alertness and decreasing appetite.
Human growth hormone (HGH) is taken for
improved endurance and strength.
Androstenedione is a supplement that was sold
over-the-counter until the FDA took action in 2004. It is banned by the NFL,
Olympics, NCAA and MLB. The supplement is an anabolic steroid precursor,
meaning that the body converts it into testosterone.
Timeline
1967 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes a
Medical Commission in response to an increase in the usage of performance
enhancing substances.
1981 - After American discus thrower Ben Plucknett tests positive for
steroids, he is banned from participating in future events by the International
Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) and he is stripped of his world record.
1987 - The National Football League (NFL) begins testing players for
steroids.
1988 - The US Congress passes the Anti-Drug Abuse Act,
which makes possession and distribution of anabolic steroids for non-medical
purposes a crime.
1990 - Congress strengthens the 1988 law by classifying anabolic
steroids as a controlled substance.
2002 - Federal authorities launch an investigation into BALCO, a
California lab that is suspected of selling performance enhancing drugs to
athletes.
2003 - Major League Baseball (MLB) begins testing players for
steroids.
February 2005 - "Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant 'Roids,
Smash Hits and How Baseball Got Big," an autobiography by retired
baseball star Jose Canseco, is published. In the book,
Canseco recounts his own steroid use and implicates other players.
March 2005 - Six former and current Major League Baseball players
testify before the House Government Reform Committee about
drugs in baseball. They include Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Canseco.
March 2006 - MLB Commissioner Bud Selig announces an
investigation into steroid use among pro baseball players. Former US Sen. George Mitchell will lead the
investigation.
August 22, 2006 - The USADA bans sprinter Justin Gatlin for
eight years after he tests positive for banned substances a second time. Gatlin
is also forced to forfeit his 100-meter world record.
May 2007 - 1996 Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis admits
using performance-enhancing drugs to win his title. Race organizers tell him to
return his yellow first-place jersey.
September 20, 2007 - Cyclist Floyd Landis is stripped of his
2006 Tour de France title and is banned for
two years after a positive test for synthetic testosterone.
December 13, 2007 - The Mitchell Report is released. MLB players named in
the steroid report include Bonds, Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte.
February 2008 - Former New York Mets clubhouse employee Kirk
Radomski is sentenced to five years probation after pleading guilty to
distributing steroids.
February 2009 - Alex Rodriguez admits to using
performance-enhancing drugs while playing for the Texas Rangers.
January 2010 - McGwire admits to using steroids during his
career.
February 2012 - Three-time Tour de France winner Alberto
Contador is stripped of his 2010 title for doping.
June 2012 - The USADA confirms that it is opening
proceedings against Lance Armstrong and five former teammates. Armstrong denies
the charges. (For more details about Armstrong's case, see Lance
Armstrong Fast Facts).
August 2012 - American cyclist Tyler Hamilton is stripped of
his gold medal from the 2004 Olympics after he admits to doping.
January 2013 - MLB announces it will begin random testing for
HGH.
August 2014 - Anthony Bosch, the founder of a Miami anti-aging clinic,
surrenders to the Drug Enforcement Administration. He later
pleads guilty to a charge of distributing steroids to athletes. His sentence is
four years in federal prison.
September 2014 - The NFL and NFL Players Association
reach an agreement regarding the league's performance-enhancing drug
policy. The agreement calls for HGH testing and an overhaul of
the drug program.
January 2015 - Kenya's Rita Jeptoo, a three-time Boston Marathon champion,
is banned from competition for two years for doping.
September 2015 - The DEA announces that 90 people have been
arrested and 16 underground steroid labs have been shut down in a sweeping drug
bust called Operation Cyber Juice.
November 9, 2015 - A WADA report details evidence of
doping in Russian athletics and a "deeply rooted culture
of cheating at all levels." Russia is later provisionally suspended as a member of
the International Association of Athletics Federations.
March 2016 - At a press conference, tennis player Maria Sharapova admits to failing a drug test at
the Australian Open. She is initially suspended for two years, but the
ban is later reduced to 15 months.
July 18, 2016 - A WADA report alleges Russia ran a state-sponsored doping
program during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. On December 9,
2016, WADA releases an update to the report concluding that
a"systematic and centralized cover-up" benefited more than 1,000
Russian athletes across 30 sports.
August 4, 2016 - The IOC announces that 271 athletes from
the 389-member Russian Olympic team have been cleared to participate in the 2016 Rio Olympics. The rest of the
team - 118 athletes - are banned in the wake of the doping scandal.
August 11, 2016 - John Anzrah, a sprint coach for the Kenyan
Olympic team, is sent home after allegedly posing as an athlete to take a drug
test. He is the second Kenyan running coach to face allegations that he tried
to help athletes cheat on doping tests. Michael Rotich, the team's track and
field manager, reportedly tried to bribe undercover journalists posing as
coaches, offering to pay them in exchange for advance warning about drug tests.
January 25, 2017 - The IOC rules that Usain Bolt's 2008 gold medal in the
4x100m relay no longer counts after one of his teammates tests positive for
methylhexaneamine, a banned substance.
June 29, 2017 - Michelle Payne, a Melbourne Cup-winning jockey, is banned
from competing for four weeks after failing a drug test.
December 5, 2017 - The IOC announces that Russia is banned
from the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea because
of the country's "systematic manipulation" of anti-doping rules.
However, Russian athletes who can prove that they are clean will be
"invited" to compete. The ban is the most wide ranging punishment
ever meted out by the IOS on a participating country. Russia's Olympic
Committee is also ordered to reimburse the IOC $15 million for the cost of the
investigation and to help establish a new Independent Testing Authority.
February 1, 2018 - The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) overturns
lifetime bans on 28 Russian athletes accused of doping, making them eligible to
compete in the 2018 Winter Olympics. In 11 additional cases,
the athletes are suspended from participating in the 2018 Winter Olympics but
they are cleared to compete in future events as the court rules that lifetime
bans were not justified.
February 9-25, 2018 - The IOC allows 169 Russian athletes to
participate in the 2018 Winter Olympics. They are not members of a Russian
team. Instead, each participant is called an "Olympic athlete from Russia."
They do not carry the Russian flag or wear uniforms that identify them as
Russian. Their medals are not added to to country's Olympic medal count.
February 28, 2018 - The IOC announces that it is lifting the suspension on
Russia participating in the Olympics. The country's status is
restored after investigators confirm that there were no additional doping
violations by Russian athletes who competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.
December 9, 2019 - WADA unanimously agrees to ban
Russia from major international sporting competitions -- notably
the Olympics and the World Cup -- for
four years over doping non-compliance. The Russian Anti-Doping Agency has 21
days to accept the decision or send the matter to the CAS.
https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/06/us/performance-enhancing-drugs-in-sports-fast-facts/index.html
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